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Technology in the gym and classroom Seeger High School Average around 80 students per class Fitness based curriculum Teach 7, 8, 9 PE 9 Health and Advanced Health Graduated from Eastern Illinois University BS and MS Department Chair VP Technology Council IAHPERD Polar Showcase School We use TriFit, FITNESSGRAM, E600 Polar watches and PEManager grading software Prezi search for Diane Hearn? Technology Simple ideas laptop + projector Digital camera Phone calendar-doctor excuses, fire/tornado drills alarm clock-time to dress stopwatch countdown timer camera/video-email and text Diane Hearn vocab PowerPoint during PE HRM Pedometers GPS Accelerometers MP3 Wireless sound system with microphone Next Question CORRECT Incorrect Answer 3 Incorrect Answer 2 Correct Answer Incorrect Answer 1 Enter the text for the multiple choice question here Try Again INCORRECT!!! PowerPoint Review Games Flash drive? I can hook you up Websites Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool IDOE HS PE End of course assessments WVEC PE SLO Assessments WVEC Health SLO Assessments General Health PE Social Networks Covering content for exams The Khan Academy Online school of high-quality YouTube videos. Flip your classroom. Utilize technology to develop pre-classroom lectures so you can use class time for hands on.
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Methods/Design Fit Bodies, Fine Minds is a randomized, controlled trial. Community-dwelling adults, aged between 65 and 75 years, are randomly allocated to one of three groups for 16 weeks. The exercise-only group do three 60-minute exercise sessions per week.
The exercise and cognitive training group do two 60-minute exercise sessions and one 60-minute cognitive training session per week. A no-training control group is contacted every 4 weeks. Measures of cognitive functioning, physical fitness and psychological well-being are taken at baseline (0 weeks), post-test (16 weeks) and 6-month follop (40 weeks). Qualitative responses to the program are taken at post-test. Cognitive decline is a normal feature of aging.
Memory difficulties, slowing mental speed, and decreased mental flexibility become evident in old age, even in older adults without dementia –. Normal, age-associated cognitive decline is related to declines in everyday functional abilities, and to increases in both formal and informal service use among older adults –.
Interventions which improve cognitive functioning are therefore important for the well-being and quality of life of older adults. Exercise Exercise has been suggested as an innovative approach to improving cognitive functioning in older adults. The benefits of exercise for general health and well-being in older adults are already well known. Cross-sectional evidence suggests that older adults who are physically active display better cognitive functioning than their sedentary peers, in areas such as memory, reaction time, and visuospatial skills –. Prospective and longitudinal findings suggest that physical inactivity is predictive of subsequent cognitive decline and that changes in physical activity patterns over time are associated with changes in cognitive functioning –.
Experimental studies of exercise training programs for older adults have generally shown improvements in cognitive functioning, particularly on measures of information processing speed and executive functioning (e.g. While some experimental studies have been less conclusive (e.g. – ), this discrepancy is most likely attributable to methodological differences. These include differences in duration, intensity, and frequency of exercise training, along with differences in control groups, exclusion criteria, and cognitive outcome measures.
A meta-analysis by Colcombe and Kramer found that, overall, exercise interventions do have the potential to improve cognitive functioning in older adults, particularly mental speed and executive functioning. The meta-analysis also highlighted that the most beneficial programs are those which have exercise sessions of greater than 30 minutes duration, include aerobic and strength training components, and target adults aged between 65 and 70 years. As this is a relatively new area of research, additional evidence is required to further support the claim that exercise training can improve cognition. Linking exercise and cognitive functioning Several mechanisms have been suggested to explain the relationship between exercise and cognitive functioning. The main hypothesis is that exercise directly affects the structure and function of the brain. Increases in aerobic capacity (as a result of increases in exercise) are thought to increase cerebral blood flow, improve the transport and utilization of oxygen and glucose in the brain, promote neurogenesis (the creation of new nerve cells), and regulate neurotransmitter synthesis , –. Some studies have found an association between improvements in aerobic capacity and improvements in cognitive function ,.
Other studies, however, have found no relationship –,. More evidence is required to validate the idea of increased aerobic capacity as a prerequisite for improved cognitive functioning.
Psychological factors may play a role in mediating the relationship between exercise and cognition. Exercise is known to improve psychological well-being , and psychological well-being has been associated with cognitive functioning ,. A few studies of exercise training and cognitive training have included psychological measures (e.g. , – ), but results have been mixed.
More research is required to elucidate the mediating role of psychological factors in the exercise-cognition relationship. Combination training Some researchers have suggested that the benefits of exercise may be further enhanced by combining exercise training with cognitive training. Cognitive training has been the traditional approach to improving cognitive functioning in older adults. It consists of learning and practicing skills and techniques to manage cognitively demanding situations (e.g. Using mnemonics to aid recall). While these programs have been successful in improving the specific cognitive function targeted by the training (i.e.
Memory programs improve memory performance) – , they do not have the potential to provide the physical and cognitive benefits offered by exercise training. A combination of exercise training and cognitive training, however, may provide the best of both worlds. Fabre and colleagues conducted an experimental study of combination training with four groups: aerobic training, cognitive training, aerobic and cognitive training, and control. They found that all three training groups improved significantly, with the combination training group (aerobic and cognitive training) improving significantly more than the other groups. These findings are limited, however, by the fact that the combination training group appear to have received a greater total number of training sessions per week than the other groups. Given that engaged lifestyles have been linked to cognitive performance in older adults – , it is possible that the results of the combination training group could be a consequence of increased social interaction, rather than an added benefit of cognitive training.
The potential of combined exercise and cognitive training could be better investigated by matching the overall training exposure of participants in a dual group to that of participants in an exercise training group. Feasibility Little is known about older adults' perceptions of exercise training programs and combined exercise and cognitive training programs. While adherence and compliance data can provide some insight into the feasibility of a training program, qualitative feedback from participants provides information about satisfaction and acceptability. Collection of this type of information also provides an opportunity to identify specific strengths and weaknesses of a program, and to assess the real-life benefits of the training which cannot be measured with clinical tests or surveys ,. Fit Bodies, Fine Minds is a 16-week, randomized controlled trial of exercise training and combined exercise and cognitive training for older adults. Participants are allocated to one of three groups: exercise-only training; exercise and cognitive training; no-training control.
Assessments are conducted at baseline, post-test (16-weeks) and 6-month follow-up (40 weeks). The design is presented in Figure. The protocol was approved by the University of Queensland Medical Research Ethics Committee (Approval Number: HMS06/2303). Figure 1 The design of the Fit Bodies, Fine Minds study.
Setting The program is conducted at Riverside Fitness, a privately-owned gym in Brisbane, Australia. Study population The program is designed for community-dwelling older adults without cognitive impairment. Participants are recruited through healthy aging seminars at local churches, public radio broadcasts, and the 50+ Registry (a registry of research volunteers aged over 50 years, coordinated by the Australasian Centre on Ageing at the University of Queensland). All interested people are provided with a Participant Information Sheet detailing the nature of the program. Screening Individuals who meet the initial eligibility criteria take part in a telephone interview to screen for cognitive and health problems. People who score below 21 on the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS) are excluded from participating in the program.
Individuals who report more than one serious health complaint (e.g. Recent heart attack, uncontrolled diabetes, or uncontrolled hypertension) are required to obtain written permission from their general practitioner (GP) to take part in the program. Those unable to obtain GP permission are excluded from participating in the program. Individuals who report diagnoses of Alzheimer's Disease, dementia, or recent head injuries are also excluded from the program. Informed consent Participants provide signed informed consent prior to baseline testing.
Sample size Ninety-nine participants will be recruited for the study. A sample size of 12 participants in each of the three groups would enable detection of a within-group difference, from baseline to post-test, of 1 item ( SD = 1.1) on Digit Span and 184 milliseconds ( SD = 198) on Choice Reaction Time. Twenty participants in each group would enable detection of a between-group difference, at post-test, of 2 items ( SD = 2.2) on Digit Span. Twenty-nine participants in each group would enable detection of a between-group difference, at post-test, of 118.8 milliseconds ( SD = 160) on Choice Reaction Time. These sample size calculations assume a two-tailed alpha level of 0.05 and a power of 80%. The effect sizes and standard deviations are based on results from previous studies of physical activity for cognitive functioning in older adults (e.g.
To account for attrition over time, the required sample size (29) is increased by 10% to 33 participants per group. Randomization Participants are randomly allocated using block randomization.
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Each block contains one exercise-only group allocation, one combined exercise and cognitive training group allocation, and one control group allocation. The order of the groups within each block is randomly generated by selecting papers from a box. The box contains three papers marked Exercise Only, Exercise & Cognition, and Control, respectively. This process is repeated to generate a list of 25 blocks. Each time a participant meets the eligibility criteria and screening requirements, they are allocated to the next available place on the list.
Blinding For logistical reasons, participants, researchers, and instructors are not blind to the allocation of participants. Intervention Exercise-only training Participants in this group receive three gym-based sessions per week for 16 weeks. Each session lasts for 60 minutes and includes progressive aerobic and strength training. Each session includes a maximum of 10 participants and is supervised by at least one qualified fitness instructor. The progression of the aerobic training is adapted from the ACSM Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription.
Intensity is prescribed using percentage of Heart Rate Reserve (HRR). Participants on medications which attenuate heart rate (e.g. Beta-blockers) are prescribed exercise intensity using Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE; ). The relative progressions of intensity and duration can be seen in Table. Intensity is monitored with Polar A3 heat rate monitors. Participants complete the aerobic training on treadmills, stationary bicycles, cross-trainers, and stationary rowing machines.
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Week Duration (min) Intensity (% HRR) Intensity (RPE) 1 20 50 – 60 9 – 11 2 20 50 – 60 9 – 11 3 – 5 25 60 – 70 11 6 – 8 30 60 – 70 11 9 – 11 30 70 – 80 11 – 13 12 – 14 35 70 – 80 11 – 13 15 & 16 40 75 – 85 13 – 15 Strength is assessed, and intensity prescribed, for each participant in the first gym session. Progress is monitored and prescribed by the fitness instructor. The strength training includes exercises to target major muscle groups in the upper body, lower body, and core. The upper and lower body exercises use free weights and machines. The core exercises use a swiss-ball. Participants stretch major muscle groups at the end of each session. Exercise and cognitive training.